MMP9 and prostate cancer: Besides, zinc is also involved in the inhibition of invasion and adhesion in malignant prostate cancer cell through several ways: strongly prevents the enzymatic activity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and suppresses the invasion of LNCaP cells,360 reduces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),361 interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), diminished the activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and aminopeptidase N (AP-N)362 (Fig. 5).