ESR1 and breast carcinoma: Studies have reported that BCs, along with malignant cell lines, exhibit a higher accumulation of zinc in contrast to normal mammary epithelium.316,317 Moreover, the degree of zinc accumulation has been linked to cancer progression and malignancy.318,319 ZIP6 (also known as LIV-1), was initially recognized as an estrogen-mediated gene since 1988.134,320,321 It is observed to be upregulated in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers and shows a positive correlation with estrogen receptor status.