These severe insulin-deficient and insulin-resistant subtypes require strict glycaemic control via a combination of injectable or infusions of insulin, lifestyle interventions and continuous glucose monitoring to reduce the incidence of acute adverse events (hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia) and the development of long-term complications such as cardiovascular disease3 or nephro-, neuro- and retinopathies4–7. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Hyperglycemia.