Infection of these gRNA-expressing A549-AC lines with SARS-CoV-2 at various MOI conditions produced consistent phenotypes: (i) knocking out pro-viral ATP6V0D1 or DPAGT1 increased cell viability and (ii) knocking out anti-viral DAZAP2, VTA1, or KLF5 decreased cell viability (Fig. 4a). This evidence concerns the gene VTA1 and infection.