ERN1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Given that ROS and IRE1α-XBP1 pathway regulate physiological process of adipogenesis in vivo and in vitro21,22,26,27,37, we developed an oxidative stress- and ER stress- remission nanosystem called KT-NE to block the expansion of adipose tissues in individuals with obesity targeting adipose hyperplasia and hypertrophy (Fig. 10).