After LASSO further selection of hub genes, 9 genes (DDX60, EIF2AK2, IRF9, IFITM3, STAT1, IFI6, IFNGR1, ISG15, SOCS3, Fig. 2B–C) were used to construct models for identifying SLE through 11 machine learning algorithms. Here, ISG15 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.