Consistent with this, hierarchical clustering of single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) for IFN and inflammation-related signaling pathways in HPV-negative and TP53-mutant oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database identified a group of patients with low scores for the IFN pathway but high scores for the inflammation-related pathways (designated as “IFN-low/Inf-high” in Fig. 6d). Here, TP53 is linked to oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.