PD-L1 expression can be induced in response to inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), secreted by immune cells within the TME or can be driven by tumor cell-intrinsic mechanisms, including transcriptional activation of PD-L119,20, increased efficiency of intracellular PD-L1 trafficking via escape from lysosome-mediated degradation21,22 and stabilization of PD-L1 by posttranslational modifications23–26. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.