CX3CL1 and acute kidney injury: Zou et al. [42] demonstrated that MVs from Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSC-MVs) suppressed AKI induced by renal ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats, and WJ-MSC-MVs reduced apoptotic cell death within 48 h, with a reduction in the expression of CX3CL1, a chemo-attractant factor for macrophages found in endothelial cells.