PPARA and acute kidney injury: As shown in Fig. 5A, AKI mice exhibited increased BCL2-Associated X (BAX) expression, wherein its expression was reduced in iMSC-EV- and pan-PPAR-iMSC-EV-treated mice, which was more pronounced in pan-PPAR-iMSC-EVs than that in iMSC-EVs (Fig. 5A, C).