TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Causes of ALS are multifactorial: genetic mutations including Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 72 (C9ORF72), Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1), or TAR DNA-binding Protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) etc., account for 70% of familial ALS (fALS) and 15% of sporadic ALS (sALS), indicating environmental factors contribute to ALS risk and progression ( [2]).