Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant reductions in the protein expression of α-SMA and COL1A1, which are typical protein markers of lung fibrosis, following the inhalation of AS@PPGC NPs, LIG@PPGC NPs, and AS_LIG@PPGC NPs (Fig. 5K-P). This evidence concerns the gene COL1A1 and pulmonary fibrosis.