TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: To further investigate the impact of AS/LIG/AS_LIG@PPGC NPs on pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in IPF, we collected mouse BALF on Days 8 and 22 and measured the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 using ELISA.