Finally, we examined the use of AS_LIG@PPGC NPs inhalation therapy for IPF treatment by examining the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-reactive oxygen species (ROS)-p38 MAPK and NOX4-NLRP3 inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways, as described in Fig. 1. Here, NLRP3 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.