MTOR and neoplasm: Ketogenic diets may also improve cancer outcomes through additional pleiotropic mechanisms such as altering tumor metabolism (i.e., downregulate aerobic glycolysis; Warburg effect), improving mitochondrial hormesis, restoring normal oxidative phosphorylation, influencing epigenetic modulation, reducing ’cancer-related upregulation of phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, and lessening hyperglycemia induced by cancer medication [14–18].