IL22 and clostridium difficile infection: Butyrate had no effect on ILC1, whereas the frequency of ILC2 in the colon and small intestine LP was reduced (Fig. S7j,k), which is consistent with a previous report that butyrate suppresses the frequency and function of pulmonary ILC2 in a murine model of asthma.46 Since IL-22 stimulates epithelial cell proliferation and production of antimicrobial peptides and mucus,47 we hypothesized that the beneficial effect of butyrate on HBO-mediated susceptibility to CDI pathology may be related, in part, to its ability to rescue IL-22-producing ILC3.