Concurrently, our findings also revealed that elevated oxygen levels resulting from HBO compromises the host immune responses against C. difficile, leading to a reduction in the HIF-1 signaling in ILC3 and a subsequent decrease in IL-22 production, which plays a pivotal role in the context of CDI.54–57 Remarkably, administration of the SCFA butyrate can modulate HIF-1 signaling in these cells, exerting protective effects in mice following HBO therapy. Here, IL22 is linked to clostridium difficile infection.