Post- C. perfringens infection, there was a significant increase in intestinal IL-13 (p ≤ 0.001) (Figure 5G) and IL-18 (p ≤ 0.05) (Figure 5I) expression in both rL. lactis treated only and rL. lactis treated and subsequently C. perfringens infected chickens compared to control chickens. Here, IL13 is linked to infection due to clostridium perfringens.