Intriguingly, activation of HSF1 by mitochondrial stress in mammalian cells is also independent of hyper-phosphorylation, while PP2A mediated dephosphorylation enhances HSF1 activity in cancer cells (Ishikawa et al., 2015; Asano et al., 2016; Katiyar et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene HSF1 and cancer.