TNF and renal fibrosis: Similar to the findings in renal fibrosis, the 8-week-treatment with SIS3 in established db/db mice from 8 to 16 weeks significantly inhibited renal inflammation by suppressing F4/80+ macrophage infiltration and a marked upregulation of MCP-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α both locally and systematically (Figure 6, Supplementary Figure S6).