Therefore, Pink1, LCN2, Axl, and Mertk regulate Th1 cell differentiation and proliferation, where deficiency of Pink1, double-knockout Axl, and Mertk promote differentiation of Th1 cells, LCN2 exacerbates lupus by promoting Th1 cell differentiation, and CD4+αβ Th1 clone vaccination elicits anti-idiotypic T-cell responses in lupus. Here, PINK1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.