Clinical trials using anti-CTLA-4 as monotherapy or in combination with durvalumab (a mAb against PD-L1) are underway in several countries in various types of cancer such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), head, neck, gastric, and pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and several hematological cancers (30, 31). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is cancer.