,25 Higher VCAM1 levels are associated with elevated all cause and cardiovascular mortality amongst dialysis recipients and negatively correlated with residual kidney function.26, 27, 28 We have also shown the potential for 3 proteins associated with cardiovascular endpoints in the general population to be relevant to those with CKD (V-SIG2, IL-16, and IL-27).29, 30, 31, 32 Higher plasma levels of V-SIG2 are associated with incident heart failure.32 This evidence concerns the gene IL16 and heart failure.