In addition, low insulin levels or insulin insensitivity can result in the long-term inhibition (LTD) of excitatory synaptic transmission by regulating the endocytosis of 3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (Huang et al., 2010), which can reduce hippocampal synaptic plasticity, leading to memory loss or, even worse, neurodegenerative diseases. Here, INS is linked to neurodegenerative disease.