HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; KCCQ: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; CV: cardiovascular; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; LAV: left atrial volume; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor; HF: heart failure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; WRF: worsening renal function; CVD: cardiovascular death; HFH: heart failure hospitalization. Here, NPPB is linked to cardiomyopathy.