As a result, maintaining β cell mass may be a promising strategy for treating diabetes.388 HDACs, such as sirtuins, are able to regulate the development of the pancreatic endocrine system, β-cell activities, insulin secretion, and metabolic fates.387,389–391 The HDAC-associated pathways are considered novel therapeutic targets in the management of diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene HDAC9 and diabetes mellitus.