TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: IBD treatment is no longer restricted to temporary symptom alleviation but instead focuses on long-term strategies for deep remission.328,329 Therefore, the combination therapy of those mentioned above clinically effective therapeutic drugs has been intensively studied to enhance the effect of the drug and/or improve the pharmacokinetics, avoiding high-dose intravenous injection of drugs that may cause diarrhea, osteoporosis and other adverse reactions (Table 3).330–332 One of the most studied tactics is combining anti-TNF therapeutics with immunomodulators.