GCSH and intervertebral disk degenerative disorder: It was verified that cuproptosis genes FDX1, LIAS, LIPT1, GCSH, DLST, DLAT, PDHB, exhibited significantly lower expression levels in IDD NP samples than controls, while ATP7A, ATP7B and MTF1 displayed the opposite results (Figure 10B–10K), which was consistent with the bioinformatics results.