INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In addition to the hepatic gluconeogenic signaling, the insulin signaling was also activated by the PPH treatment, which was evident by the enhanced phosphorylation of IRS-1 (188.9% increase as compared with the T2DM group, Figures 5A, 4B), Akt (Figures 5A,C) and Foxo1 (Figures 5A,D).