In addition to the pro-inflammatory signaling in the liver, mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory markers including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β (Figures 4A–C) were significantly increased in the T2DM mice liver, which were reduced by the PPH treatment by 51.4%, 41.7%, and 37.2%, respectively. Here, IL1B is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.