High sodium intake is associated with aldosterone activation, extracellular fluid volume, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system disturbances, failure of normal autoregulation of the peripheral vasculature,44 increased oxidative stress,45 proinflammatory cytokines,46 intrarenal angiotensin II,47 as well as increased arterial stiffness and/or endothelial dysfunction,48 all of which are associated with CKD. This evidence concerns the gene REN and chronic kidney disease.