The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis of the predicted target genes of the Dlk1-Dio3 miRNAs that are upregulated in murine lupus or in MS showed the enrichment of signaling cascades that have been implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis (Supplemental Fig. 1) (20, 21). Here, DIO3 is linked to autoimmune disease.