INS and dementia: Among individuals using insulin, both those with dementia and dementia-free subjects had an increased risk of mortality compared to non-users. SU was associated with higher mortality, but this effect was observed only in individuals with dementia. GLP-1a users had a lower risk of mortality compared to non-users in both dementia and dementia-free groups. SGLT2i users had a lower risk of mortality in the dementia and dementia-free groups.