CCL18 and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: The post-hoc analysis of a phase 3 RCT of pirfenidone therapy (ASCEND and CAPACITY 1 and 2 trials) for IPF suggested that evaluations of a combination of CCL18, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14, and total periostin were better at predicting the prognosis and therapeutic effect compared with any single biomarker21.