Genes specific to colon cancer and altered only in the proximal colon include DNA repair enzymes Mgmt (O-6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase) and Parp1 (Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1) and Mtor, a mediator of response to cellular stress including DNA damage—all were downregulated by one or more HFDs. Here, PARP1 is linked to colonic neoplasm.