It may contribute to proinflammatory cytokine expression, including TNF, IL-1, IL-87 52 and the IL-23/Th17 axis.52 Based on studies primarily in paediatric CNO/CRMO, bone inflammation in SAPHO is thought to result from disrupted innate immune mechanisms, including NRLP3 inflammasome expression and assembly. Here, TNF is linked to chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis.