The most effective biomarkers used to predict the development of T1D are four major islet autoantibodies that recognize beta-cell antigens with high specificity: autoantibodies to endogenous insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA), islet antigen 2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.