To further assess the effect of AgNP on endothelial dysfunction, as shown in Fig. 3C and D, through the use of ZO-1 and CD31 immunofluorescence co-staining, our research revealed that the AgNP-exposure exhibited a remarkable decrease in ZO-1 expression compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Here, TJP1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.