While it has been proposed that ceramides cause insulin resistance by inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling (Summers et al., 1998; Schubert et al., 2000; Powell et al., 2003), there is now considerable evidence that does not support this (Fazakerley et al., 2018a; James et al., 2021; Kono and Barham, 1971; Hoehn et al., 2008). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and Insulin resistance.