MCAM and hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanisms, such as altered cyclin D1 and melanoma cell adhesion molecule regulation (MCAM), delayed degradation of endoplasmic reticulum protein, and mitochondrial dysfunction, are associated with A1ATD-related HCC [75,76,77]. Hemochromatosis results in an iron overload that promotes the growth of tumors by underlying mechanisms, such as an increased proliferation of cells, damage to the DNA and cell membranes via peroxidase, and increasing ROS levels [78].