TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Similarly, Kumar et al. (2019) detected a suppression of LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1b, iNOS, CCL-2 mRNA expression (4 h) as well as the release of nitrite and TNF-α (24 h) by increasing concentrations of ALS in BV2 microglia cells and primary rat microglia.