TNF and Hepatic steatosis: IL-1β is directly involved in IL-1β/TNF-induced hepatocyte necrosis (Shen et al., 2020), promoting hepatic steatosis (Stienstra et al., 2010; Negrin et al., 2014), with positive feedback amplification of inflammation-induced IL-1β and TNF-α (Petrasek et al., 2012).