TGFB1 and neoplasm: TAMs usually exhibit an M2-like phenotype and may have a strong immunoreactive function in the initial stages of cancer; in later stages, the microenvironment is enriched with growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β), which induce macrophage polarisation, and the cells thus acquire an M2 phenotype with tumour-promoting functions (9).