ESR1 and cancer: Lee et al. (2017) discovered that kaempferol inhibits EMT, migration, and invasion of MCF-7 breast cancer cells via ER. This is achieved by regulating the protein expression of genes related to EMT and metastasis, such as N-cadherin, Snail, Slug, and Cathepsin B. Technical abbreviations are explained when first used. Zhang et al. (2021) discovered that Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside prevented the migration and invasion of cancer cells, reversed the expression of EMT-related regulatory factors, and reduced tumour growth in vivo by blocking the classical TGF-β/ALK5/Smad pathway (Figure 3).