ESR1 and cancer: Kashafi et al. (2017) indicate that kaempferol causes apoptosis in human HeLa cervical cancer cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT and hTERT in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, Chuwa et al. (2018) demonstrate that kaempferol stimulates apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells primarily by inhibiting ERα, survivin, and Bcl-2 proteins. This leads to an increase in cancer cell apoptosis (Figure 1).