ABCB1 and breast cancer: Lei et al. (2019) discovered that kaempferol causes endometrial cancer cell inhibition by stimulating apoptosis, obstructing the G2/M phase cell cycle, hindering cell invasion, and activating the TOR/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Nandi et al. (2022b) assessed the effects of combining kaempferol with verapamil, an MDR1 inhibitor, on the growth of breast cancer stem cells. They found that the combination of KV induced G2/M-dependent cell cycle block and disrupted the physical binding of CD44 to NANOG and MDR1. (Figure 2).