TNF and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Interestingly, immune-response related cancer hallmarks were strongly enriched in PAH carriers compared to non-carriers, including interleukin-2 and STAT5 signaling, inflammatory response, coagulation, and TNF-α signaling via NF-k (P = 9.00 × 10−3, P = 3.40 × 10−2, P = 2.10 × 10−2, and P = 4.90 × 10−2, respectively; Fig. 5b).