High levels of noise (100 dB in mice and 120 dB in rats) were shown to activate SHC-transforming protein 1 (SHC1, p66Shc), a mitochondrial source of H2O2, which was associated with higher levels of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interferon γ (IFN-γ) and IL-1α were upregulated; IL-10 and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) were downregulated), and ischemia in the cochlea, all of which were prevented by Shc1 deletion [395]. Here, VEGFA is linked to ischemia.