Youth with TPD had higher TNF (Hedge’s g = 0.38, 95%CI0.06 – 0.69, k = 4, N = 247, I2 = 34.6%) compared to youth without psychosis in the meta-analysis (Chen et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022; Simsek et al., 2016b; Sporn et al., 2005). Here, TNF is linked to psychotic disorder.