In Alzheimer's disease, microglia activation acquired beneficial effects in the early stage by inducing phagocytosis and Aβ clearance with the help of microglial exosomes, while some substances in microglial exosomes damaged neurons in the latter stage, such as IL‐1β, soluble toxic Aβ peptides, caspase‐1 and others.47, 48. Here, IL1B is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.