For example, in in vitro (human hepatocellular carcinoma and PBMC monocytes) and in vivo (mice and healthy volunteers) models, vitamin D administration inhibited hepcidin expression by binding to the gene promoter [103] and by reducing the levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in macrophages treated with LPS and in patients affected by chronic kidney disease [104]. This evidence concerns the gene HAMP and hepatocellular carcinoma.