When the innate immune response is activated, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1α and β (IL-1α and IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) can affect the cognitive functions and behavior, causing fatigue, irritability, and mild cognitive impairments (e.g., decreased attention and difficulty remembering recent events) [58,59]. Here, TNF is linked to Cognitive impairment.