MTOR and central nervous system cancer: Moreover, Sesen et al. demonstrated that metformin (HK2 inhibitor) promotes apoptosis and autophagy by increases at LC3B and Beclin 1 and decreases sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) levels in glioma cells by activating Redd1 (TSC2 activator) and AMPK and inhibiting mTOR, S6K and 4EBP1 increasing the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy and temozolomide [198,199].