A meta-analysis of five clinical trials for NSCLC revealed worse patient outcomes when PKC inhibitors (enzastaurin, an ATP competitive inhibitor, or aprinocarsen, a PKCα antisense oligonucleotide) were combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone [205], highlighting the complexity of protein kinase signal transduction and the need for the development of more selective tools for basic research as well as therapeutic application. This evidence concerns the gene PRKCA and non-small cell lung carcinoma.