TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: In a hepatocellular carcinoma model, miR-101-reduced DUSP1 macrophages polarized toward M2 were found to have a prolonged activation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK-stress-activated protein kinase, decreased TGF-β and CD206 expression, and an increased production of TNF-α and IL-6 compared to wild-type cells slowing macrophage-driven hepatocellular carcinoma (Figure 4) [157].