Their number in the peripheral blood increase in response to ischemia by mobilization from the BM after secretion of proangiogenic cytokines, such as the VEGF, Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1 (SDF-1), or Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) a mechanism that seems to be inefficient in diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and diabetes mellitus.