GMPR2 and infection: To analyze the host signaling pathways in which the type III effectors NopAA and NopD are mainly involved, in the present study the changes in symbiosis-related genes (GmNIN, GmENOD40, and GmNSP1) and defense-related genes (GmPR1, GmPR2, and GmPR5) expression in SN14 following HH103, HH103ΩNopAA, or HH103ΩNopD inoculation were next assessed at 36 h post-infection [1,49].