TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Similarly, carrageenan treatment markedly induced the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 compared with the vehicle control group (Figure 4G–I), and these carrageenan-induced increases in mRNA levels were reduced by FJH-KO treatment in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that FJH-KO is a potent suppressor of endothelial dysfunction.