TNF and melanoma: In addition to the primary compounds, the secondary compounds previously characterized in the extract [21] also exhibit various anti-tumor activities: ferulic acid induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α and Akt/mTOR signaling in leukemic cells [42]; cinnamic acid induces apoptotic cell death and alteration of the cytoskeleton in human melanoma cells [43]; and quinic acid, an antioxidant, exhibits anti-tumor activity through the induction of apoptosis and decreased angiogenesis in breast cancer cells [44].